Publications

Publications, press articles, rankings, awards

1507, 2025

The rules of the (video) game

(e)sport, Publications|

The video game industry has changed since the release of the arcade game Pong in 1972. The law has always had difficulty grasping video games. Today, case law identifies a video game, made up of several elements, as a “complex work”. This notion is vague and raises questions about its consequences. +

1906, 2025

Temporal jurisdiction of the UPC

Patent, Publications|

In appeal decision APL_8790/2025, dated June 2, 2025, the Court of Appeal of the UPC confirmed the temporal competence of the UPC for acts which occurred before the entry into force of the UPC Agreement and during the opt-out period when the opt-out was withdrawn prior to filing the action before the UPC. +

2301, 2025

Copaxone – publication of the decision

Patent, Publications|

Following our last IP Alert of 23 January 2025, the decision of the European Commission dated 8 April 2025 (only the English text is authentic) is now available under reference AT.40588 : https://competition-cases.ec.europa.eu/cases/AT.40588 +

1301, 2025

Patent protection for methods for treatment in Europe and the US

Patent, Publications|

For European patents, methods for treatment by surgery or therapy are explicitly excluded from patentability by the legislation (Article 53 EPC), although the case law of the European Patent Office has evolved towards a more permissive practice than in the past. Medical devices are not excluded, however, and may be the subject of a European patent application. +

107, 2024

Milan: the IP place to be!

Patent, UPC, Publications|

On June 27, 2024, the Unified Patent Court (UPC) opened a new section of the Central Division in Milan, following the decision of the Administrative Committee of 26 June 2023 amending the Agreement relating to the Unified Patent Court (UPCA) to establish a section of the Central Division in Milan. +

603, 2024

Trademark protection for the Lego® toy figures: child’s play?

Trademark, Publications|

On 6 December 2023, the General Court of the European Union dismissed two invalidity actions brought by BB Services GmbH against two three-dimensional trademarks relating to toy figures, on the grounds that their shapes are not exclusively dictated by the nature of the product itself or by a shape necessary to obtain a technical result (General Court of the European Union judgements T-297/22 and T-298/22). +

1212, 2023

New edition of the IP Barometer

Corporate, Publications|

Created more than 10 years ago to gain a better understanding of developments in intellectual property, the IP Barometer also enables us to develop our services to better meet our clients’ expectations in terms of protecting and enhancing the value of their intangible assets. +

709, 2023

Tolerating is risky!

Trademark, Publications|

Often commented on, the FREE v. FREE SBE decision (Paris Court of Appeal – Pôle 05 ch. 02, January 14, 2022 / n° 20/05019, S. A.S. FREE/S. A.S. FREE SBE) raises the question of the starting point of the period of limitation in consequence of acquiescence. +

1910, 2022

Infringement of the Protected Geographical Indication COGNAC

Trademark, Publications|

The INPI recognizes an infringement of the Protected Geographical Indication COGNAC by a trademark claiming eaux de vie benefiting from the geographical indication "Cognac". The COGNAC appellation is protected as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) at the European level. The use of the COGNAC appellation is therefore regulated so that only spirits produced within a delimited production area and respecting the particular conditions of production as to the method of production, ageing and alcoholic strength defined by the specifications attached to this PGI, can benefit from it. On November 3, 2021, the company COGNAPEA filed an application for the +

1310, 2022

National measures accompanying the implementation of the unitary patent

Patent, UPC, Publications|

It is expected that the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA) will enter into force in spring 2023. At the same time the European Union regulation 1257/2012 and 1260/2012 will enter into force relating to the European patent with unitary effect (Unitary Patent) and the translation arrangements. The booklet "National measures accompanying the implementation of the Unitary Patent" is inspired by the online publication "National law relating to the EPC" and contains information regarding the most important national measures accompanying the implementation of the Unitary Patent. It is accessible on the website of the EPO. The booklet contains +

2909, 2022

Systematic top-up search for earlier national rights by the EPO

Patent, Publications|

The EPO will conduct additional searches to determine earlier national rights and further determine their prima facie relevance starting September 1, 2022. The EPO already carries out a search for prior European patent applications, which are filed before, and published after, the filing date of a European patent application in question. Such earlier European patent applications are relevant for novelty in the sense of Art. 54(3) EPC. As of September 1, 2022, the EPO will further conduct systematic searches to further identify prior national rights and assess their prima facie relevance free of charge. An earlier national right is +

908, 2022

EPO welcomes Montenegro as new member state

Patent, Publications|

Montenegro accomplished the final step towards acceding to the European Patent Convention on July 15, 2022, and will thus become the 39th member state of the European Patent Organisation from October 1st, 2022. 1. Until now, Montenegro had the status of Extension State and it was thus possible to extend to Montenegro the protection conferred by the European patent applications or patents by paying the corresponding extension fee within six months of the date on which the European Patent Bulletin mentions the publication of the European search report, or, where applicable, within the period for performing the acts required +

1107, 2022

METAVERSE: How to protect trademarks and designs in a virtual universe?

Trademark, Publications|

The Metaverse is a new place of exchange, not only for playful activities but also for commercial ones. Brands and products known on the traditional markets are offered to Metaverse users. A new trend is to use the Metaverse as a base for launching new products, in particular through a NFT (Non Fungible Token) which represents the virtual image of a product offered for sale on the traditional market. Thus, the purchaser of a NFT representing the image of a product, will be able to get the product upon presentation of the NFT, the NFT being used as proof +

607, 2022

EPO survey on grace period

Patent, Publications|

1. The European Patent Office published recently the result of a survey regarding a grace period for novelty. The EPC requires to date strict novelty for the subject matter of EP patents, rendering publication of claimed subject matter before filing of the EP patent application opposable to the patent irrespective of the question whether the publication stems from the applicant. Other jurisdictions (e.g. US and JP) provide grace period systems that permit obtaining valid patents even if the claimed subject matter was published by the applicant before filing the patent application. The survey assesses the impact of the current strict +

2505, 2022

EPO publishes second edition of the Unitary Patent Guide

Patent, UPC, Publications|

Background It is expected that the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA) will enter into force end of 2022 or beginning of 2023. At the same time the European Union regulation 1257/2012 and 1260/2012 will enter into force relating to the European patent with unitary effect (Unitary Patent) and the translation arrangements. The Select Committee of the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation has prepared the secondary legislation, in particular the Rules of procedure relating to Unitary Patent Protection and the Rules relating to the Fees for Unitary Patent Protection. Recently, some of the rules have been +

1205, 2022

Record Filings at the European Patent Office in 2021

Patent, Publications|

Despite the pandemic filings of European patent applications increased again. 188 600 patent applications were received by European Patent Office (EPO) in 2021, which is an increase of 4.5% in comparison to the previous year. This is the highest number of applications ever filed in one year. The EPO's Patent Index 2021 shows that patent filings rebounded significantly last year after a slight dip in 2020 (-0.6%). In general the number of patent applications is seen as an early indicator of how the budgets of research and development investments of companies worldwide evolve.  Source website of EPO For applications in 2021 the +

1104, 2022

Transfer of IP rights for free: the downside of gratuity

Trademark, Publications|

The transfer of intellectual property rights free of charge must be qualified as a donation, and as such must comply with the requirements specific to the matter (Decision of the Paris Court of Justice, February 8, 2022, No. 19/14142). This case involved a trademark and Community designs owned by two individuals, Mr. X and Mr. Z. The rights were transferred in 2015 to company A, of which Mr. Z is the sole partner and manager. In 2018, Mr. X criticized the transfer that took place in 2015 and sued Mr. Z and the company A for nullity of the +

1603, 2022

National, regional and international offices to implement the standard WIPO ST.26 for the sequence listings as of july 1, 2022

Patent, Publications|

The Committee on WIPO Standards (CWS) adopted new WIPO Standard ST.26, which represents nucleotide and amino acid sequences listings in XML, replacing WIPO Standard ST.25. The representation of sequence listings in XML format rather than TXT format intends to improve access to international sequence databases. The new standard further harmonizes sequence listing practice among patent offices and requires mandatory annotation of additional sequence types (nucleotide analogues, D-amino acids, branched sequences), so that more sequence data will be searchable. The filing date (not the priority date) is the reference date that determines if the new ST.26 rules apply. Refiling a +

803, 2022

Providing evidence of trademark exploitation within new invalidity proceedings is critic

Trademark, Publications|

The invalidity procedure has been modified by the provisions of the "Loi Pacte" (in force since December 11, 2019) in particular with regard to its admissibility conditions, which, with respect to the evidence of exploitation of the prior trademark invoked, are twofold: 1. Proof of use of the earlier trademark subject to the obligation to use it Article L 716-2-3 provides that, subject to inadmissibility, the owner of the earlier trademark on which the action is based must provide proof: if the trademark is subject to the legal obligation of use at the date of filing of the nullity +

2102, 2022

UPC and opt-out: definition, advantages and drawbacks

Patent, UPC, Publications|

The present system of European (EP) patents granted by the European Patent Office, has the drawback that the same patent, validated in several states, may lead to several parallel disputes in these jurisdictions. The Unified Patent package creates a unitary effect for European patents encompassing the states that have ratified the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA – to be found here). That is to say, an EP patent with unitary effect will have the same effects in all the states that ratified the UPCA and where said patent has been validated. It also creates a single court (the Unified Patent +

2102, 2022

Again, and again: the UPC agreement is further challenged in Germany

Patent, UPC, Publications|

Although the German Parliament («Bundesrat») recently voted in favor of the ratification of the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA) (that we reported here), and despite the political will (see there), the German ratification of the UPCA is again put on hold. The German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) advised that that two new constitutional complaints were filed on the very same day on which the Bundesrat approved the ratification (18th December 2020). One of the complaint, filed by Düsseldorf lawyer Ingve Stjerna, who already filed an earlier constitutional complaint in 2017, aims at obtaining an interim order to cease the ratification process +

2102, 2022

The german federal government officially ratified the UPC act of approval on august 13th

Patent, UPC, Publications|

The publication of the law in the Federal Law Gazette finally puts an end to the legal complications that have been blocking the german ratification process and, consequently, the establishment of the Unified Patent Court (UPC). But this does not mean that the UPC can finally start to operate. Before the UPC can actually open its doors, the period of the preparatory phase must begin. Germany intends to ratify the Protocol on Provisional Application in early autumn. According to this Protocol, some parts of the UPC Agreement will be provisionally applied before it becomes fully effective. In order for +

2102, 2022

The protocol on the provisional application of the UPC agreement

Patent, UPC, Publications|

The Protocol to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court on provisional application (the PAP-Protocol) was initially signed on 1st October 2015 to establish a Phase of Provisional Application (PAP)  to ensure « a smooth transition into the operational phase and ensure the proper functioning of the Unified Patent Court before the entry into force of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court ». This text is pivotal in the UPC for the practical preparation that is required to run the Court but also in terms of timing for anticipating the actual date of implementation of the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA). +

2102, 2022

Entry into force of the protocol on provisional application of the UPC Agreement (PAP)

Patent, UPC, Publications|

The European Council has just indicated on its website that the Protocol to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court on provisional application (also called PAP) has entered into force yesterday, January 19, 2022. This follows the deposition of the ratification instruments of said protocol by Austria, which was effective January 18, 2022, making the PAP being ratified by its thirteenth member state. As explained in a previous post, the PAP ratification triggers the existence of the Unified Patent Court (UPC) as an international organization, which is a historic landmark in the field of European IP, after so many +

2102, 2022

How to select the european patent with the unitary effect (Unitary Patent)

Patent, UPC, Publications|

Unitary Patent a unique protection for 17 states in Europe With the recent ratification of Austria, the European Patent with unitary effect (“Unitary Patent”) will be introduced soon. This title enables to get a patent protection by many European states. Presently 17 states have ratified the agreement and will participate with the Unitary Patent, namely Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, see https://www.epo.org/law-practice/unitary/unitary-patent.html. The Council Regulation No 1257/2012 (hereafter “Unitary Patent Regulation”) sets out the details of the unitary patent. In particular it states that only a European patents having the +

2102, 2022

German Federal Constitutionnal Court’s decision

Patent, Publications|

By order of June 23, 2021, the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) rejected two applications for preliminary injunction against the Act of Approval that was adopted on December 18, 2020, for the purposes of ratifying the Agreement of 19 February 2013 on a Unified Patent Court (UPC Act of Approval). This decision was highly expected because the process of ratification of the UPC Act of Approval and thus, the establishment of the UPC has been delayed until the ruling of the Court. The violation of fundamental rights alleged by the plaintiffs is considered by the FFC insufficiently asserted and +

2102, 2022

The current state of play towards the set up of the Unified Patent Court

Patent, UPC, Publications|

The Unified Patent Court Agreement will enter into a provisional preparatory stage once 13 signatory states of the Agreement including Germany, France and the United Kingdom and having ratified said Agreement have ratified or expressed their consent to be bound by the Protocol on Provisional Application (A.3(1) of the Protocol). France ratified the Agreement and also ratified the Protocol on 23 May 2017. Lately (27th September 2021), Germany deposited its instrument of ratification of the Protocol and is expected to ratify the Agreement once the preparatory work has progressed sufficiently and the participating Member States are confident that the +

1702, 2022

EPO announces raise of fees from 1 april 2022

Patent, Publications|

The EPO’s Rules relating to Fees have been amended by decision of the Administrative Council of 15 December 2021. The amended version of the Rules relating to Fees is applicable as from 1 April 2022. An evaluation of the fee adjustments indicates a general increase of about 2.5% for most fees. Raised fees concern in particular the fees for: - Filing fee (EP regional phase) : 130 EUR (increased by 5 EUR), - Filing fee (direct EP application) : 130 EURO (increased by 5 EUR), - Search fee : 1390 EUR (increased by 40 EUR), - Designation fee: 630 EUR (increased by 20 EUR), +

802, 2022

Preparation for the european patent with unitary effect at the EPO

Patent, Publications|

The European Patent with unitary effect (“Unified Patent”) will be introduced soon. The final stage of the preparatory work will be accomplished by the end of this summer and the final missing ratification will then be deposited by Germany. In order to give applicants the possibility to obtain Unitary patent protection for EP applications that are scheduled for grant between the deposit of the final ratification and the entering into effect of the Unified Patent, the EPO announced the following measure for deferring grant. For applications for which a notification under Rule 71(3)EPC has been issued, the applicant may +

1301, 2022

Artificial intelligence system DABUS

Patent, Publications|

Artificial intelligence system called DABUS cannot be named as inventor according to Decisions J 8/20 and J 9/20 of the Board of Appeal of the EPO Legal background Article 81 EPC stipulates that the European patent application shall designate the inventor. Article 60 defines that the right to a European patent shall belong to the inventor or his successor in title. Rule 19(1) EPC defines that the request for grant of a European patent shall contain the designation of the inventor. Present case An applicant has filed two patent applications in which an artificial intelligence system called DABUS was +

601, 2022

Pharmaceutical trademarks and INPI applications for revocation (Loi Pacte)

Trademark, Publications|

I. Assessment of use with respect to products In our previous review of case law on pharmaceutical trademarks, we examined the differences in practice between the European Union and French courts in identifying the products for which the trademark was in genuine use when considering an application for revocation for non-use. It had been noted that the EUIPO re-characterizes the specification of goods by restricting it to the specific goods that it considers to be in use, whereas the French courts identify in the specification the goods corresponding to the goods in use, without changing the scope of the +

1312, 2021

European Patent Office rated top for patent and service quality

Patent, Publications|

The Intellectual Asset Management (IAM) once again initiated a benchmarking survey and let users vote among the world's five largest patent offices for the quality of its patents and services. Again, the EPO has topped the survey this year in both categories like it has ever since this annual survey was started by IAM in 2010. The survey’s results showed that 26 % of the participants rate patents of the EPO as "excellent". This is in increase from 23% last year and places the EPO well ahead of the other IP5 offices. The respondents also agreed that the EPO +

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